Impacto de la optimización del tratamiento hipolipemiante en el riesgo cardiovascular residual / Impact of Optimizing Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Residual Cardiovascular Risk

RESUMEN Introducción: el modelo SMART-REACH predice el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares recurrentes. Objetivos: los objetivos de este estudio fueron: a) evaluar el riesgo residual en una población en prevención secundaria y niveles de colesterol asociado a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL) fuera de meta; b) mediante un modelo de simulación, determinar el impacto de optimizar las terapias hipolipemiantes en términos de reducción del riesgo residual. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, descriptivo y multicéntrico. Se incluyeron consecutivamente pacientes con antecedentes cardiovasculares y un C-LDL mayor o igual que 55 mg/dL. El riesgo de eventos recurrentes (infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular o muerte vascular) a 10 años y a lo largo de la vida se estimó utilizando el modelo SMART-REACH. Mediante una simulación, se optimizó el tratamiento hipolipemiante de cada paciente (utilizando estatinas, ezetimibe o inhibidores de proproteína convertasa subtilisina kexina tipo 9 [iPCSK9]), se estimó el descenso del C-LDL, se verificó el alcance del objetivo lipídico y se calculó la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular y el número necesario a tratar (NNT) correspondiente. Resultados: se incluyeron 187 pacientes (edad media 67,9 ± 9,3 años, 72,7% hombres). Los riesgos residuales calculados a 10 años y a lo largo de la vida fueron 37,1 ± 14,7% y 60,3 ± 10,7%, respectivamente. Globalmente, se pudo optimizar una sola estrategia farmacológica con estatinas, ezetimibe o un iPCSK9 en el 38,5%, el 11,5% y el 5,5% de la población, respectivamente. La optimización basada en dos tratamientos se realizó en el 27,5% (estatinas + ezetimibe), el 7,7% (estatinas + iPCSK9) y el 1,1% (ezetimibe + iPCSK9) de los casos. En 15 pacientes se optimizó el tratamiento considerando los tres fármacos. El 53,9% y el 62,9% de las acciones para optimizar el tratamiento mostraron un NNT menor que 30 para evitar un evento a 10 años o a lo largo de la vida, respectivamente. Conclusión: en este estudio, los pacientes con antecedentes cardiovasculares que no alcanzan la meta de C-LDL mostraron un riesgo residual considerable. La simulación mostró un importante margen para optimizar el tratamiento, con un impacto notable en el riesgo residual.

ABSTRACT Background: The SMART-REACH model predicts the risk or recurrent cardiovascular events. Objectives: The objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate the residual cardiovascular risk in a secondary prevention population with LDL-C levels above the recommended goal, using a simulation model; and b) to determine the impact of optimizing lipid-lowering therapies in terms of residual cardiovascular risk reduction. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and multicenter study. Patient with a history of cardiovascular disease and a LDL-C ≥55 mg/dL were consecutively included. The 10-year and lifetime risk of recurrent events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or vascular death) were estimated using the SMART-REACH model. By means of a simulation, lipid-lowering treatment was optimized for each patient [using statins, ezetimibe and/or PCSK9 (PCSK9) inhibitors], with estimation of LDL-C reduction, checking if lipid-lowering goal was achieved and calculating the reduction in cardiovascular risk and the corresponding number needed to treat (NNT). Results: The cohort was made up of 187 patients; mean age was 67.9 ± 9.3 years and 72.7% were men. The calculated 10-year and lifetime residual risks were 37.1 ± 14.7% and 60.3 ± 10.7%, respectively. Overall, treatment was optimized with a single pharmacological strategy with statins, ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitor in 38.5%, 11.5% and 5.5% of the population, respectively. Optimization based on two treatments was performed in 27.5% (statins + ezetimibe), 7.7% (statins + PCSK9 inhibitor) and 1.1% (ezetimibe + PCSK9 inhibitor) of the cases. In 15 patients, treatment was optimized when the three drugs (statins + ezetimibe + PCSK9 inhibitor) were considered. Overall, 53.9% and 62.9% of the actions implemented to optimize treatment showed a 10-year or lifetime NNT < 30 to prevent an event, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, patients with a history of cardiovascular disease who do not reach LDL-C goal showed significant residual cardiovascular risk. The simulation model showed a significant margin for optimizing treatment, with a marked reduction in residual cardiovascular risk.

Effects of different doses of simvastatin and atorvastatin combined with trimetazidine on blood lipids and cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of different doses of simvastatin and atorvastatin combined with trimetazidine on blood lipids and cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure.Methods:A total of 100 patients with chronic heart failure who received treatment in Jinan Second People's Hospital from September 2019 to August 2021 were included in this study. These patients were divided into three groups according to different treatment methods: group A ( n = 33), group B ( n = 33), and group C ( n = 34). Group A was treated with a conventional dose of simvastatin combined with trimetazidine. Group B was treated with a high dose of simvastatin combined with trimetazidine. Group C was treated with atorvastatin combined with trimetazidine. All patients were treated for 6 months. Cardiac function, blood lipids, inflammatory factors, and excellent and good rates of therapeutic effects post-treatment were compared between the three groups. The adverse events during the treatment were recorded. Results:There were no significant differences in blood lipids, cardiac function, inflammatory factors, and excellent and good rates of therapeutic effects between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After 6 months of treatment, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [(1.99 ± 0.25) mmol/L, (2.01 ± 0.16) mmol/L] and left ventricular ejection fraction [(51.29 ± 4.15)%, (51.37 ± 4.44)%] in groups B and C were significantly higher than those in group A [(1.52 ± 0.16) mmol/L, (42.28 ± 4.86)%, t = 9.10, 6.24; 8.10, 11.38, all P < 0.05). Caspase-1 [(42.33 ± 3.19) ng/L, (41.87 ± 3.55) ng/L], interleukin-18 [(54.55 ± 4.39) ng/L, (53.98 ± 4.45) ng/L], left ventricular end-systolic diameter [(35.13 ± 2.13) mm, (35.68 ± 2.46) mm], left ventricular end-diastolic diameter [(44.39 ± 3.65) mm, (44.42 ± 3.32) mm], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [(2.69 ± 0.39) mmol/L, (2.57 ± 0.13) mmol/L], total cholesterol [(3.79 ± 0.13 ) mmol/L, (3.56 ± 0.69) mmol/L], triacylglycerol [(1.12 ± 0.05) mmol/L, (1.10 ± 0.07) mmol/L] levels in groups B and C were significantly lower than those in group A [(68.41 ±10.23) ng/L, (88.37 ± 6.65) ng/L, (42.63 ± 3.13) mm, (51.68 ± 5.42) mm, (3.13 ± 0.11) mmol/L, (4.21 ± 0.11) mmol/L, (1.51 ± 0.11) mmol/L, t = -13.98, -24.38, -14.27, -24.95, -6.41, -5.64, -8.00, -10.12, -14.17, -18.54, -12.53, -19.01, -5.35, -18.26, all P < 0.05]. 6-minute walking distances [(352.19 ± 25.4) m, (351.74 ± 24.29) m] in groups B and C were significantly longer than that in group A [(319.71 ± 21.11) m, t = 6.63, 5.75, both P < 0.05). The excellent and good rates at 3 and 6 months after surgery in group B was significantly higher than that in group A ( χ2 = 4.00, 4.16, both P < 0.05), but the incidence of adverse reactions in group B [18.18% (6/33)] was significantly higher than 3.03% (1/33) in group A and 2.94% (1/34) in group C (both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between group A and group C ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Atorvastatin and high-dose simvastatin alone combined with trimetazidine can achieve good therapeutic effects on chronic heart failure. Both combined therapies are beneficial to improve heart function and reduce myocardial damage. However, atorvastatin combined with trimetazidine is safer than high-dose simvastatin combined with trimetazidine.

Correlation between blood lipid level and gastric cancer / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Patients with gastric cancer often have different degrees of dyslipidemia, and the level of lipid changes is closely related to the occurrence, development and prognosis of gastric cancer. The mechanism of lipid metabolism in gastric cancer has also attracted much attention, and it may be related to the reverse cholesterol transport function, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, statins may reduce the risk of gastric cancer and associated mortality. Further research on the correlation between blood lipid levels and gastric cancer is aimed to provide new ideas for the future prevention and precision diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.

Effects of statin therapy in hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACT Introduction COVID-19 is associated with endothelial activation and systemic inflammation; consequently, statins can be used in its treatment as they have anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and profibrinolytic properties and may interfere with COVID-19 viral entry into cells through disruption of cell membrane lipid rafts. Objective We performed a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials that compared statin therapy to placebo or to standard care in adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases for all-cause mortality, hospitalization duration, and admission to the intensive care unit. Results Of the 228 studies reviewed, four studies were included, with a total of 1,231 patients, of whom 610 (49.5%) were treated with statins. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.61-1.51; p=0.86; I2=13%), duration of hospitalization (mean difference [MD] 0.21; 95%CI: -1.74-2.16; p=0.83; I2=92%), intensive care unit admission (OR= 3.31; 95%CI: 0.13-87.1; p=0.47; I2=84%), need for mechanical ventilation (OR= 1.03; 95%CI: 0.36-2.94; p=0.95; I2=0%), or increase in liver enzyme levels (OR= 0.58; 95%CI: 0.27-1.25; p=0.16; I2=0%) between patients treated with or without statin therapy. Conclusion Our findings suggest that in adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19, statin therapy results in no difference in clinical outcomes when compared to outcomes by placebo or standard of care. Prospero database registration: (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) under the number CRD42022338283.

Tratamiento posterior a un ataque cerebrovascular con estatinas y metas de colesterol de baja densidad / Statin treatment and low density cholesterol targets in patients post stroke

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El ACV es uno de los eventos cardiovasculares más prevalentes en el mundo, en Colombia es la segunda causa de muerte y la primera de discapacidad. Uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes para tener en cuenta es el control del colesterol, la reducción de los niveles de C-LDL, principalmente por medio del tratamiento con estatinas y otros fármacos hipolipemiantes. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: En esta revisión narrativa de la literatura se ha recogido la información más relevante sobre el uso y los beneficios de este tratamiento y algunas consideraciones adicionales. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hallazgos de esta revisión demuestran el efecto protector de esta terapia cuando se consiguen reducir los niveles de C-LDL y colesterol, además, las otras terapias como ezetimiba o inhibidores de PSCK9. Por otro lado, los estudios mencionan posibles efectos beneficiosos en el contexto de ACV pero se requieren más ensayos clínicos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Stroke is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular events in the world, in Colombia it is the second cause of death and first in disability. One of the most important risk factors to consider is cholesterol control, the reduction of LDL-C and cholesterol levels, mainly through treatment with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The most relevant information on the use and benefits of this treatment and some additional considerations have been collected in this narrative review of the literature. CONCLUSION: The results of this narrative review show the protective effect of this therapy when it is possible to reduce LDL-C and cholesterol levels, in addition to other therapies such as ezetimibe or PSCK9 inhibitors. On the other hand, studies mention possible beneficial effects in the context of stroke but more clinical trials are required.

Efficacy of alteplase combined with rosuvastatin calcium in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of alteplase combined with rosuvastatin calcium in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction.Methods:A total of 100 patients with acute cerebral infarction who received treatment in Zhejiang Xin'an International Hospital from October 2019 to October 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to undergo either rosuvastatin calcium (control group, n = 50) or alteplase combined with rosuvastatin calcium (study group, n = 50). The National Institute Health of Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, serum viscosity, blood lipid change, and clinical efficacy were assessed before and after treatment. Results:Response rate was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group [90% (45/50) vs. 80% (40 /50), χ2 = 4.52, P < 0.05]. NIHSS score, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 level, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 level in the study group were (7.29 ± 1.46) points, (132.68 ± 15.20) μg/L, and (118.67 ± 112.60) μg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(11.47 ± 2.80) points, (189.22 ± 9.40) μg/L, (1 372.59±125.70) μg/L, t = 4.21, 3.21, 5.12, all P < 0.05]. Insulin-like growth factor 1 level was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group [(485.41 ± 51.30) μg/L vs. (364.23 ± 44.50) μg/L, t = 6.32, P < 0.05]. Total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the study group were (3.29 ± 1.46) mmol/L and (3.04 ± 0.15) mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [ (4.47 ± 2.80) mmol/L, (3.22 ± 0.41) mmol/L, t = 4.54, 3.87, both P < 0.05]. Conclusion:Alteplase combined with rosuvastatin calcium can greatly improve blood circulation, reduce blood viscosity, and restore neurological function in patients with acute cerebral infarction. This study is highly innovative and scientific.

Research progress of clinical application of Zhibitai capsule / 中国基层医药

Dyslipidemia is the pathological basis of the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. It is a major independent risk factor for hypertension, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Regulating blood lipid level plays an important role in decreasing the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease. Zhibitai capsule, a lipid-regulating Chinese medicine, has the similar effect to statins. We searched animal experiment studies, clinical trials and reviews in China National Knowledge Infrastructure to analyze the application value and advantages of Zhibitai capsule.

Role of inflammation in intracranial aneurysms and potential drug therapy / 国际脑血管病杂志

Intracranial aneurysm is a common cerebrovascular disease, which has a high morbidity and mortality after rupture, usually resulting in poor prognosis. Intracranial aneurysms are mainly treated by craniotomy clipping and endovascular embolization, but there is still controversy about whether the unruptured aneurysms with a diameter of <5 mm need intervention. Studies have shown that inflammation plays an important role in the formation, progression, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Aspirin and statins can delay the development of intracranial aneurysms and help reduce the risk of rupture through anti-inflammatory. This article reviews the inflammatory mechanism and potential drug therapy of intracranial aneurysms.

Blood lipid and hematoma enlargement and outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage / 国际脑血管病杂志

Early hematoma enlargement is one of the main factors of early neurological deterioration in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The correlation between blood lipid and hematoma enlargement is a research hotspot at present. This article reviews the relationship between blood lipid and hematoma enlargement and outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, as well as the correlation between statin treatment and hematoma enlargement.

Influence of statins in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with new antiandrogen therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate whether the addition of statins to the new antiandrogens (enzalutamide or abiraterone) affects overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Methods We searched studies in English language including the keywords statins, overall survival, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, at PubMed® (MEDLINE®), Embase and Cochrane databases. Results A total of 195 articles were initially identified, but only four met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the meta-analysis. A total of 955 patients, 632 on the new antiandrogens only group, and 323 on the new antiandrogens + statins group, were analyzed. In all four studies the combination therapy (new antiandrogens + statin) was well tolerated, regardless of which new antiandrogens were used. Neither the type of statin nor the doses and duration of use were well specified in the studies. The combination therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer was associated with an overall survival improvement, and a 46% reduction in death (hazard ratio of 0.54; 95%CI 0.34-0.87; p<0.01) in multivariate analysis. Conclusion There seems to be a clinical benefit with the association of statins to the new antiandrogens in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, suggesting longer overall survival with no important collateral effect. However, due to fragility of the studies available in the literature, we are not yet capable of recommending this combination of drugs in the clinical practice. Further randomized prospective studies are warranted to confirm these beneficial outcomes.

Uso de agentes hipolipemiantes y cumplimiento de metas terapéuticas en pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular en la República Argentina / Use of Lipid-Lowering Agents and Therapeutic Goal Achievement in Cardiovascular High-Risk Patients in Argentina

RESUMEN Introducción: Uno de los pilares fundamentales para la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes en prevención secundaria es el correcto manejo del tratamiento hipolipemiante. Las estatinas en altas dosis, el ezetimibe, y más recientemente los inhibidores de PCSK9 (iPCSK9) son las principales herramientas farmacológicas con las que contamos para que estos pacientes cumplan metas terapéuticas de colesterol LDL (C-LDL). A pesar de la contundente evidencia a favor de estas terapéuticas, existe una gran subutilización de las mismas a nivel mundial, con bajos niveles de adherencia e inercia terapéutica. En Argentina existe escasa evidencia sobre la calidad del tratamiento hipolipemiante, y qué porcentaje de pacientes en prevención secundaria se encuentran con un perfil lipídico controlado acorde a guías nacionales e internacionales. Material y métodos: Diseñamos un estudio de corte transversal en pacientes en prevención secundaria de eventos cardiovasculares incluidos de forma prospectiva, consecutiva y multicéntrica en hospitales de la República Argentina que poseen sistema de Residencia Médica afiliados al Consejo Argentino de Residentes de Cardiología (CONAREC). Se realizó la recolección de datos durante los meses de marzo a agosto del año 2020. Se relevó el tratamiento hipolipemiante que recibían, los motivos detrás de la no utilización de estatinas en dosis adecuadas, y los valores de perfil lipídico en caso de contar con un registro en los últimos 6 meses previos a la inclusión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1000 pacientes consecutivos de 24 centros, correspondientes a 11 provincias. Un 85,9% se encontraba bajo tratamiento con estatinas; un 4,8%, con ezetimibe; un 2,4% con fibratos; y un 13%, sin tratamiento. De aquellos pacientes en tratamiento con estatinas, un 67% recibía estatinas en altas dosis (58% del total de pacientes). Un total de 509 pacientes presentaban medición del C-LDL dentro de los últimos 6 meses. El valor promedio de C-LDL fue de 94 (90,6-97,8) mg/dL; el de C-LDL, 41 (40,7-42,6) mg/dL; y el de triglicéridos, 151 (142,9-159,8) mg/dL. Un 30% se encontraba con valores por debajo del corte de 70 mg/dL. Un 16% se encontraba con valores por debajo de 55 mg/dL. Un 37% de los pacientes presentaba C-LDL >100 mg/dL. Conclusiones: En este estudio multicéntrico de pacientes en prevención secundaria desarrollado en la República Argentina, poco más de la mitad presentaba tratamiento con estatinas en altas dosis, con una escasa utilización de ezetimibe. El subtratamiento se reflejó en los valores de C-LDL, con más de dos tercios de los pacientes fuera de rango terapéutico y, por lo tanto, lejos de las recomendaciones de las guías clínicas.

ABSTRACT Background: The correct management of lipid-lowering treatment is one of the key factors for the reduction of cardiovascular risk in secondary prevention patients. High-dose statins, ezetimibe, and more recently PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are the main tools available to meet LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) therapeutic goals in these patients. Despite the overwhelming evidence in their favor, these therapies are greatly underutilized worldwide, with low levels of adherence and therapeutic inertia. In Argentina, there is scarce evidence on the quality of lipid-lowering treatment and the rate of patients in secondary prevention with a controlled lipid profile according to national and international guidelines. Methods: A prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study including consecutive patients in secondary prevention for cardiovascular events from hospitals of Argentina with a Medical Residency system affiliated to CONAREC, was carried out from March to August 2020. Data was collected on the lipid-lowering treatment received, the reasons behind the non-use of statins in adequate doses and the lipid profile levels in case of having a record from the last 6 months prior to inclusion. Results: Among 1000 consecutive patients included from 24 centers corresponding to 11 provinces, 85.9% was treated with statins, 4.8% with ezetimibe, 2.4% with fibrates, and 13% was without treatment. In the case of patients treated with statin therapy, 67% was receiving high-dose statins (58% of the total number of patients). A total of 509 patients presented LDL-C assessment within the last 6 months. Mean LDL-C was 94 (90.6-97.8) mg/dl, HDL cholesterol 41 (40.7-42.6) mg/dl, and triglycerides 151 (142.9-159.8) mg/dl. In 30% of cases, LDL-C was below the cut-off value of 70 mg/dl and in 16% below 55 mg/ dl. In 37% of patients, LDL-C was >100 mg/dl. Conclusions: In this multicenter secondary prevention study performed in Argentina, just over half of the patients presented high-dose statin treatment, with scarce use of ezetimibe. Undertreatment was reflected in LDL-C values, with more than two-thirds of patients outside the therapeutic range, and therefore far from clinical guideline recommendations.

Effect of statins on the progression and prognosis of chronic liver diseases / 临床肝胆病杂志

Chronic liver diseases can progress to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and may lead to portal hypertension and even hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that statins can improve liver histology, delay progression to liver fibrosis, and reduce the risk of decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This article introduces the advances in the application of statins in patients with chronic liver diseases, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of chronic liver diseases.

Efecto de las estatinas en el desarrollo de síndrome postrombótico: estudio de cohorte / Effect of statins on development of post thrombotic syndrome: cohort study

Resumen Objetivo: Explorar la asociación entre consumo de estatinas (CE) y desarrollo de síndrome postrombótico (SPT). Método: Cohorte retrospectiva con pacientes con primer episodio de trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) entre el 06/2006 y el 12/2017, incluidos en el Registro Institucional de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica (RIET) del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se consideró exposición al CE entre los 30 días previos y hasta 180 días posterior al diagnóstico de TVP. Se definió SPT según constaba este dato en la base de seguimiento del RIET. Se evaluó el desarrollo de SPT con un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox, reportando hazard ratios (HR) crudas y ajustadas. Se consideró la confusión por indicación del CE y se utilizó un propensity score (PS) para el ajuste del riesgo estimado, reportando los HR con sus intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: Se incluyeron 905 pacientes, de los cuales 273 fueron CE y 632 no consumidor de estatinas (NCE). Al seguimiento, la incidencia de SPT fue: 6.59% (18) en el grupo CE y 8.07% (51) en el grupo NCE, con p = 0.412. La razón de riesgo para el desarrollo de SPT de CE resultó no significativa (HR cruda: 0.78; IC 95%: 0.43-1.41; p = 0.414). La HR de CE ajustada por edad, sexo, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, corticosteroides, inmovilidad, anticoagulante, hipertensión arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, insuficiencia renal crónica, enfermedad coronaria, accidente cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardiaca y enfermedad oncológica fue 0.45 (IC 95%: 0.13-1.5; p = 0.196). La HR del CE ajustado por edad, sexo, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, corticosteroides, inmovilidad, tratamiento anticoagulante, enfermedad oncológica y PS fue de 0.52 (IC 95%: 0.17-1.66; p = 0.272). Conclusiones: El CE no se asoció con menor SPT, aunque hubo escaso número de eventos detectados.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between statin consumption and development of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Methods: Retrospective cohort study which included patients with a first episode of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) between 06/2006 and 12/2017, included in the Institutional Registry of ThromboEmbolic Disease of the Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Exposure to statin use (SU) was considered between the 30 days before and up to 180 days after the diagnosis of DVT. PTS was defined as recorded dataset on registry. The development of PTS was evaluated with Cox proportional hazards model, raw and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were reported. Confusion was considered by indication of SU and a propensity score (PS) was used for adjustment. We reported HR with their 95% confidence interval (CI); p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of 1393 patients, 905 were included for the analysis, of which 273 were SU and 632 non-statin users (NSU). At follow-up, incidence of PTS was: 6.59% (18) in the SU group and 8.07% (51) in the NSU group, with p = 0.412. Crude HR for PTS for SU was not significant (0.78; 95% CI: 0.43-1.41; p = 0.414). Adjusted HR of SU by age, sex, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immobility, anticoagulant, high blood pressure, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic renal failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and cancer disease was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.13-1.5; p = 0.196) for PTS. While HR for the development of PTS adjusted by age, sex, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immobility, anticoagulant treatment, cancer disease and PS of the SU was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.17-1.66; p = 0.272). Conclusion: No statistically significant association was found between CE and the development of SPT, although there were a small number of events detected in both groups.

Risco Cardiovascular e Elegibilidade Para Estatina na Prevenção Primária: Comparação Entre a Diretriz Brasileira e a Diretriz da AHA/ACC / Cardiovascular Risk and Statin Eligibility in Primary Prevention: A Comparison between the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC Guidelines

Resumo Fundamento Diferenças entre as versões atualizadas da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e da Diretriz de Colesterol da American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) quanto à estratificação de risco cardiovascular e à elegibilidade para a terapia com estatina não são conhecidas. Objetivos Comparar a categorização de risco cardiovascular e a elegibilidade à terapia com estatina estabelecidas segundo a diretriz brasileira ou a diretriz da AHA/ACC em pacientes em prevenção primária. Métodos Nós avaliamos retrospectivamente indivíduos com idade entre 40 e 74 anos sem condições de alto risco, com LDL-c 70 -< 190 mg/dL, sem tratamento com agentes hipolipemiantes, e que passaram por avaliação clínica de rotina. O risco cardiovascular foi estratificado de acordo com a diretriz brasileira e a da AHA/ACC. Os indivíduos foram considerados elegíveis para estatina se os níveis de LDL-c estivessem no mínimo 30 mg/dL acima da meta para o risco cardiovascular (diretriz brasileira) ou se o risco em 10 anos para doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica fosse ≥ 7,5% (diretriz da AHA/ACC). Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados A amostra do estudo consistiu 18525 indivíduos (69% homens, idade 48 ± 6 anos). Entre os indivíduos considerados de risco intermediário ou alto segundo a diretriz brasileira, mais de 80% seriam classificados em uma categoria de risco mais baixo segundo a diretriz da AHA/ACC. Entre os homens, 45% e 16% seriam considerados elegíveis para a terapia com estatina segundo as diretrizes brasileira e da AHA/ACC, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Entre as mulheres, as respectivas proporções seriam 16% e 1% (p < 0,001). Oitenta e dois porcento das mulheres e 57% dos homens elegíveis para estatina com base no critério da diretriz brasileira não seriam considerados elegíveis para estatina segundo o critério da AHA/ACC. Conclusões Em comparação à diretriz da AHA/ACC, a diretriz brasileira classifica uma maior proporção dos pacientes em prevenção primária em categorias de risco mais alto e aumenta substancialmente a elegibilidade para estatina. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):440-449)

Abstract Background Differences between the updated versions of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) Cholesterol Guideline regarding cardiovascular risk stratification and statin eligibility are unknown. Objectives To compare cardiovascular risk categorization and statin eligibility based on the Brazilian guideline with those based on the AHA/ACC guideline in primary prevention patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed individuals aged 40-74 years without high-risk conditions, with LDL-c 70 to < 190 mg/dL, not on lipid-lowering drugs, who underwent routine clinical assessment. Cardiovascular risk was stratified according to the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines. Subjects were considered eligible for statin therapy if LDL-c was at least 30 mg/dL above the target for the cardiovascular risk (Brazilian guideline) or the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk was ≥7.5% (AHA/ACC guideline). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study sample consisted of 18,525 subjects (69% male, age 48 ± 6 years). Among subjects considered at intermediate or high risk by the Brazilian guideline, over 80% would be in a lower risk category by the AHA/ACC guideline. Among men, 45% and 16% would be statin eligible by the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines criteria, respectively (p < 0.001). Among women, the respective proportions would be 16% and 1% (p < 0.001). Eighty-two percent of women and 57% of men eligible for statins based on the Brazilian guideline criterion would not be eligible according to the AHA/ACC guideline criterion. Conclusions Compared with the AHA/ACC guideline, the Brazilian guideline classifies a larger proportion of primary prevention patients into higher-risk categories and substantially increases statin eligibility. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):440-449)

Uso de estatinas en adultos mayores de 80 años

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo, el riesgo aumenta con la edad, con tasas de incidencia y mortalidad casi tres veces mayores en los adultos mayores. Las estatinas han demostrado la eficacia en la reducción de la mortalidad por ECV, aunque puede tener efectos adversos. Su uso en adultos mayores, tanto en prevención primaria como secundaria, sigue en controversia. Objetivo: revisar el estado actual, eficacia y seguridad, efectos colaterales, guías actuales y perspectivas futuras sobre el uso de las estatinas en adultos de 80 años o más. Material y método: Revisión de la literatura de los últimos cinco años en MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS y COCHRANE, utilizando las palabras clave: estatinas y anciano. Resultados: La prevalencia del uso de estatinas en adultos ≥ 80 años varió entre 17 y 39% en residentes de hogares de ancianos, 12 y 59% para pacientes que viven en la comunidad y de 18 a 45% en poblaciones combinadas. Las indicaciones pueden ser para prevención primaria o secundaria. La eficacia del tratamiento con estatinas para prevención secundaria, en los ancianos es bien documentada con evidencia fuerte, pero las evidencias son escasas y débiles para prevención primaria. Los efectos adversos, más frecuentes, están asociados a trastornos musculoesqueléticos. En los últimos cinco años, se han publicado siete directrices importantes sobre las estatinas. En la guía 2018 AHA/ACC sobre el manejo de colesterol y en la guía 2019 ACC/AHA sobre prevención primaria de ECV, la prescripción de estatinas en ancianos se mantuvo sin cambios. Conclusión: el uso de la estatinas en la prevención secundaria está claro, y los beneficios son mayores que los eventuales efectos adversos, los que pueden incrementarse en los adultos mayores, en el contexto de polifarmacia por las interacciones farmacológicas y las principales comorbilidades que son más comunes en las personas mayores, en particular en aquellos pacientes con uso prolongado y a dosis alta de estatinas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, the risk increases with age, with incidence and mortality rates almost three times higher in older adults. Statins have demonstrated efficacy in reducing CVD mortality, although it can have adverse effects. Its use in older adults, both in primary and secondary prevention, remains controversial. Objective: To review the current status, efficacy and safety, side effects, current guidelines and future perspectives on the use of statins in adults who are 80 years of age or older. Material and method: Review of the literature of the last five years in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, LILACS and COCHRANE, using the keywords: statins and elderly. Results: The prevalence of statin use in adults ≥ 80 years varied between 17 and 39% in nursing home residents, 12 and 59% for patients living in the community and 18 to 45% in combined populations. The indications can be for primary or secondary prevention. The efficacy of statin treatment for secondary prevention in the elderly is well documented with strong evidence, but the evidence is scarce and weak for primary prevention. The most frequent adverse effects are associated with musculoskeletal disorders. In the last five years, seven important guidelines on statins have been published. In the 2018 AHA/ ACC guidelines on cholesterol management and in the 2019 ACC/AHA guidelines on primary prevention of CVD, the prescription of statins in the elderly remained unchanged. Conclusion: The use of statins in secondary prevention is clear, and the benefits are greater than the possible adverse effects, which can be increased in older adults, in the context of polypharmacy due to pharmacological interactions and the main comorbidities that are more common in the elderly, particularly in those patients with prolonged use and high doses of statins.

Metas lipídicas en pacientes diabéticos. Implicaciones clínicas luego de aplicar una nueva fórmula para el cálculo del colesterol-LDL / Lipid Goals in Diabetic Patients. Clinical Implications after Application of a New Formula for LDL-cholesterol Calculation

RESUMEN Introducción: Existen claras recomendaciones para el manejo lipídico en los diabéticos. Una nueva fórmula para el cálculo del C-LDL mejoraría la imprecisión de la fórmula de Friedewald. Objetivos: Analizar el uso de estatinas y el cumplimiento de las metas lipídicas en pacientes diabéticos, evaluando las consecuencias de aplicar una nueva fórmula para el cálculo del C-LDL. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico. Se incluyeron diabéticos tipo 2 mayores de 18 años. El C-LDL se calculó con la fórmula clásica (Friedewald) y la nueva fórmula. Se siguieron las recomendaciones del documento de posición para el uso adecuado de estatinas (Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología). Resultados: Se incluyeron 528 pacientes. En prevención secundaria, el 77,2% recibió estatinas (23,4% alta intensidad). El 36,6% y el 36,0% alcanzaron la meta de C-LDL menor a 70 mg/dL y de C-noHDL inferior a 100 mg/dL, respectivamente. El 20,8% de los pacientes con un C-LDL menor de 70 mg/dL (Friedewald) salió de meta al aplicar la nueva fórmula. En los pacientes en prevención primaria con factores de riesgo o daño de órgano blanco, el 62,2% recibió estatinas (14,7% alta intensidad). El 20,9% y el 20,4% alcanzaron la meta de C-LDL menor a 70 mg/dL y de C-noHDL inferior a 100 mg/dL. El 27,7% de los pacientes con un C-LDL menor de 70 mg/dL (Friedewald) salió de meta al aplicar la nueva fórmula. A mayor nivel de triglicéridos, más pacientes salieron de meta de C-LDL con la nueva fórmula. Conclusión: El cumplimiento de las metas lipídicas y el uso adecuado de estatinas en esta población fue deficiente. Aplicar la nueva fórmula de C-LDL optimizó la evaluación de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Background: There are clear recommendations for lipid management in diabetic patients. A new formula for the calculation of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) would improve the inaccuracy of the Friedewald formula. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the use of statins and the fulfillment of lipid goals in diabetic patients, evaluating the consequences of applying a new formula for LDL-C calculation. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study including type 2 diabetic patients over 18 years of age. LDL-C was calculated using the classic Friedewald formula and the new formula. Recommendations of the position document for the appropriate use of statins from the Argentine Society of Cardiology were followed. Results: A total of 528 patients were included in the study. In secondary prevention, 77.2% of patients received statins (23.4% high-intensity statins) and 36.6% and 36.0% of these patients achieved the goals of LDL-C below 70% mg/dl and non-HDL-C below 100 mg/dl, respectively. In 20.8% of patients with LDL-C below 70 mg/dl according to the Friedewald formula, this goal was not attained when the new formula was applied. In primary prevention, 62.2% patients with risk factors or white organ damage received statins (14.7% high-intensity statins) and 20.9% and 20.4% achieved the goals of LDL-C below 70% mg/dl and non-HDL-C below 100 mg/dl. In 27.7% of patients with LDL-C below 70 mg/dl using the Friedewald formula, this goal was not reached when applying the new formula. More patients did not achieve the LDL-C goal with the new formula when the triglyceride level was higher. Conclusion: In this population, the appropriate use of statins and the fulfillment of lipid goals were poor. Applying the new LDL-C formula optimized the evaluation of these patients.